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Some countries, such as Australia, Spain, Norway, Italy, and Canada, allow next of kin to override the consent of registered organ donor candidates if they personally do not concur with the donation desire of their relative, but this form of surrogate decision-making represents a double standard in terms of the principle of substituted judgment.
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Policies expanding physician performance incentives highlight the importance of considering ethical implications when constructing systems.
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Clinicians may face pressure from family members to keep going when there is concern that the patient might not have wanted aggressive end-of-life interventions, or the health care team considers palliation in the patients best interests.
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Learning health care systems" necessitate the collection of large amounts of data electronically during every health care encounter.
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Clinical ethicists can help surrogate decision makers and clinicians to resolve conflicts over a patient's end-of-life wishes by facilitating communication between involved parties and exploring difficult questions.
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Ethical issues involving the medical use of marijuana include whether it is possible for the benefits to exceed its known risks, and that many physicians making recommendations operate on the margins of the medical community.
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Interpretation of results of genetic screening tests is potentially problematic for both providers and patients, and misunderstandings can arise regarding their implications.
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Although not subject to the provisions of the Physician Payment Sunshine Act, which become effective in September 2014, sales of medications or products in provider offices could unduly influence patients, says Margaret R. McLean, PhD, associate director and director of bioethics at Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara (CA) University.
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The majority of third-year medical students were able to recall the four ethical principles, appreciated the relevance of preclinical ethics education, and had positive self-assessments of their clinical-ethical reasoning abilities, according to a recent study.
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When the Department of Health and Human Services announced plans in 2011 for a mystery shopper study of access to primary care, some physicians raised ethical concerns about the use of deception with human subjects without soliciting their informed consent.