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Infants younger than 28 days are challenging to the emergency department physician, who must be familiar with the normal variants and the subtle findings that may indicate a more serious underlying problem. The amazing physiologic changes that the newborn accomplishes following delivery may precipitate disaster if an underlying congenital problem exists. The astute ED physician is also familiar with particular high-risk times when critical diseases may present, such as cyanotic congenital heart disease, and has a heightened suspicion for these disease processes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of critical diseases that may present in the newborn period and strategies for their early detection and appropriate management.
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To adequately address the complexity and breadth of maxillofacial trauma, this article reviews the anatomy, recognition of common injury patterns, and initial stabilization. A second article will address specific injuries in detail, diagnostic imaging, definitive management, and appropriate consultation and disposition strategies.
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With advances in diagnostic modalities and shunting procedures, children with hydrocephalus now do amazingly well. Unfortunately, not only do these children get common childhood illnesses, but they also may develop life-threatening complications from their shunting devices that have very similar clinical presentations to common childhood diseases. To effectively and efficiently manage these children, the emergency physician must have a clear understanding of the technology used and of the potential risks and complications that may develop.
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With their variable and unpredictable results, bites and stings can be vexing for the ED physician to assess and treat. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for treatment of the most important bites and stings encountered in the United States. Due to the popularity of the exotic pet trade, some non-native species now commonly held in captivity in private homes in the United States also will be discussed, especially when specific anti-venom is available.
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CPAP may decrease the incidence of endotracheal intubation and other severe complications in patients who develop hypoxemia after elective major abdominal surgery.
