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Current guidelines recommend monotherapy with either beta-blockers or rate lowering calcium blockers for heart rate control in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF).
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Recent controversy has erupted concerning the use of prophylactic beta-blockers in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
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The early ECGs are the mainstay of predicting the culprit coronary artery in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
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Coronary artery stents are implanted in the vast majority of coronary revascularization procedures, owing to improvements in both restenosis and acute vessel occlusion vs balloon angioplasty alone.
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It is believed that right ventricular (RV) performance in acute pulmonary embolism patients is of prognostic value, but specific RV function parameters are not agreed upon and there are little outcome data in this area.
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The optimal treatment for ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is controversial and suffers from a lack of sufficient study data to build a consensus.
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and has been the leading arrhythmic cause for hospitalization.
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The clinical implications of the recovery of left ventricular (LV) function after treatment of patients with initial systolic heart failure is poorly understood.
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The cause of ischemic stroke remains uncertain despite a complete diagnostic evaluation in many cases. Detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) after cryptogenic stroke would have important therapeutic implications.
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In patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), surgery is clearly recommended in the presence of any symptoms.