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The foot is divided into three anatomic regions: the forefoot, made up of the fourteen phalanges and the five metatarsals; the midfoot, made up of the navicular, the cuboid, and the three cuneiforms (the medial, the middle, and the lateral); and the hindfoot, made up the talus and calcaneus.
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After 8-10 years, atherosclerosis of saphenous vein grafts and symptoms of ischemia are common. Since repeat bypass surgery is associated with a higher mortality than first surgeries, percutaneous interventions (PCI) are preferred for vein graft disease.
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Sacher and colleagues collected data on all patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome who received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in 14 centers between 1993 and 2005.
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The cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines and other agents may negatively affect clinical outcomes in cancer survivors. Data in other clinical situations and animal data on anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy suggests that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) may ameliorate this cardiotoxicity.
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In recent years there has been considerable interest in the utilization of biomarkers to assist in the prediction of risk for cardiovascular events, including mortality.
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Anthracyclines may produce cardiotoxicity by apoptosis and free radical formation. Carvedilol, in addition to being a nonselective beta-blocker and alpha 1 blocker, is antioxidant and antiapoptotic.
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