Financial Penalties Reduce Hospital Readmissions for Some Medicare Patients

January 4th, 2017

BOSTON — Financial penalties for hospitals with high rates of Medicare readmissions for certain health conditions were effective, especially when levied against the poorest performing facilities.

That’s according to a new analysis, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, which looked at the results of the Affordable Care Act’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction program.

The research was conducted by a team from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Massachusetts General Hospital.

Background information in the article described how the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program was enacted into law in 2010 and implemented in 2012 in response to the high numbers of patients who were readmitted within 30 days of their initial discharge from the hospital after treatment for common conditions, including heart failure, pneumonia, and acute myocardial infarction.

Federal officials noted at the time that, while some readmissions might be unavoidable, their rates varied widely, suggesting that Medicare patients admitted to certain hospitals were more likely to experience readmissions compared to others.

"Hospital readmissions represent a significant portion of potentially preventable medical expenditures, and they can take a physical and emotional toll on patients and their families," said co-senior author Robert W. Yeh, MD, MBA, director of the Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology at BIDMC and Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. "The Affordable Care Act sought to introduce financial incentives to motivate hospitals, especially the poorest performing ones, to reduce their readmission rates, and only the data could tell us if and how well it worked."

For the study, researchers examined Medicare fee-for-service hospitalization data from more than 2,800 hospitals across the country between 2000 and 2013. Based on 30-day readmission rates after initial hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or pneumonia, the researchers categorized hospitals into one of the following four groups based on the penalties they had incurred under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program:

• highest performance (0% penalty),
• average performance (greater than 0% but less than 0.5% penalty),
• low performance (equal to or greater than 0.5% but less than 0.99% penalty), and
• lowest performance (equal to or greater than 0.99% penalty).

"We analyzed data from more than 15 million Medicare discharges," explained co-senior author Francesca Dominici, PhD, professor of Biostatistics and senior associate dean for research at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. "We implemented Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate readmission rates for each hospital, accounting for differences in each hospital's patient population. We then used pre-post analysis methods to assess whether there were accelerated reductions in readmission rates within each group after the passage of the reform. It turned out that all groups of hospitals improved to some degree. Notably, we found that it was the hospitals that were the lowest performers before passage of the Affordable Care Act that went on to improve the most after being penalized financially."

Dominici added, "For every 10,000 patients discharged per year, the worst performing hospitals — which were penalized the most — avoided 95 readmissions they would have had if they'd continued along their current trajectory before the implementation of the law. It's a testament to the fact that hospitals do respond to financial penalties, in particular when these penalties are also tied to publicly reported performance goals."

"Paying hospitals not just for what they do, but for how well they do — that's still a relatively new way of reimbursing hospitals, and it looks to be effective," Yeh suggested.