Clinician

Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7%) in diabetic patients undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stents significantly increases the risk of stent failure, particularly in-stent restenosis, highlighting considerations for strict glycemic management and a multidisciplinary approach to revascularization decisions.

Hypertensive urgency is the severe elevation in blood pressure (BP) without acute target organ damage. It differs from hypertensive emergency, in which end-organ damage, such as stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), or acute kidney injury, is present.

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is an advanced respiratory support modality that has gained widespread use in critical care, emergency medicine, and pulmonology.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical measurement of kidney function, reflecting how efficiently the kidneys filter blood. GFR varies by age, sex, and body size and is used to assess renal health, detect kidney disease, and guide treatment.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring helps in assessing patients with cardiovascular risk, particularly in those who are asymptomatic. The calcium score, derived from a computed tomography (CT) scan, quantifies calcified plaque in the coronary arteries, providing clinicians with insight into the patient’s risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular events. Understanding how calcium scores vary by age is critical in optimizing risk stratification and guiding preventive therapies.

Bilateral salpingectomy is the surgical removal of both fallopian tubes. It has gained prominence in recent years as a preferred method for sterilization and risk reduction for ovarian cancer.