SAN FRANCISCO, California – The field of electrophysiology has changed dramatically over the past three decades, as the management of arrhythmias, or irregular heart rhythms, has evolved from simple pacemakers in the early 1970s to highly sophisticated implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) that can swiftly halt a sudden cardiac death episode, to biventricular pacers that provide significant relief from congestive heart failure.