A systematic review of 9 studies showed that the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib and ibuprofen cause less upper GI bleeding than other NSAIDs. Diclofenac, meloxicam, ketoprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen have intermediate risk. Piroxicam and ketorolac have the highest risk. In general, drugs that have a long half-life or slow-release formulation have the greatest risk of GI bleeding.
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